Preventing hemodialysis catheter dysfunction
"Concentrated heparin lock (e.g., 5000 vs. 1000 IU/ml) have been associated with lower requirements for therapeutic CVC thrombolysis but increased systemic bleeding risks and costs. Citrate 4% was non-inferior to standard heparin locks to prevent thrombosis, may cause less bleeding, and is less costly in some countries" Lazarus et al (2025).