Catheter malposition leading to superior vena cava perforation – Full Text
"We present a rare case of superior vena cava (SVC) perforation during tunneled dialysis catheter (PermCath) insertion in a patient with chronic renal failure. The injury led to mediastinal hematoma, bilateral hemothoraces, and hemorrhagic shock, requiring emergency thoracotomy and surgical repair" Najam et al (2026).